စက်ခါရော့ဗ်ဆု

စက်ခါရော့ဗ် လွတ်လပ်စွာ စဉ်းစားတွေးခေါ်မှု ဆု(Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought) သည် ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် နေထိုင်သည့် သိပ္ပံပညာရှင် အန္ဒရေး စက်ခါရော့ဗ်၏ အမည်အား ဂုဏ်ပြုထားခြင်းဖြစ်ပြီး၊ ၁၉၈၈ ခုနှစ် ဒီဇင်ဘာလမှစတင်၍ ဥရောပသမဂ္ဂ မှ လူ့အခွင့်အရေး နှင့် လွတ်လပ်စွာတွေးခေါ်နိုင်ရန် အင်တိုက်အားတိုက် လုပ်ဆောင်ကြသည့် ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်များ၊ အဖွဲ့အစည်းများကို ဂုဏ်ပြုနိုင်ရန် ပေးအပ်သည့် ဆုဖြစ်သည်။[1] ဆုရရှိနိုင်သည့် အမည်များကို လျာထားပြီးနောက် ဥရောပသမဂ္ဂ နိုင်ငံခြားရေးရာ ကော်မတီ နှင့် တိုးတက်ဖွဲ့ဖြိုးရေး ကော်မတီတို့မှ နှစ်စဉ် အောက်တိုဘာလတွင် ဆုရရှိသူအမည်ကို ထုတ်ဖော်ကြေညာလေ့ရှိသည်။[2]၂၀၁၀ခုနှစ်အရ၊ ဆု နှင့် ဆုကြေးတန်ဖိုးမှာ ယူရိုငွေ ၅၀ ၀၀၀ ဖြစ်သည်။[2]

ဆုရရှိခဲ့သူများ
Nelson Mandela was the inaugural winner of the prize, together with Anatoly Marchenko.
Year Recipient Nationality Notes Reference
1988 Mandela, NelsonNelson Mandela  တောင်အာဖရိက Anti-apartheid activist and later President of South Africa [3]
1988 Marchenko, AnatolyAnatoly Marchenko (posthumously) Soviet Union Soviet dissident, author and humans rights activist [3]
1989 Dubček, AlexanderAlexander Dubček Czechoslovakia Slovak politician, attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring [3]
1990 အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်  မြန်မာ Opposition politician and a former General Secretary of the National League for Democracy [4]
1991 Demaçi, AdemAdem Demaçi Kosovo Politician and long-term political prisoner [3]
1992 Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo  အာဂျင်တီးနား Association of Argentine mothers whose children disappeared during the Dirty War [4]
1993 Oslobođenje Bosnia and Herzegovina Popular newspaper, continued to publish after its office building was destroyed in Sarajevo [4]
1994 Nasrin, TaslimaTaslima Nasrin Bangladesh Ex-doctor, feminist author [4]
1995 Zana, LeylaLeyla Zana  တူရကီ A female politician of Kurdish descent from Eastern Turkey, who was imprisoned for 10 years for speaking her native language of Kurdish in the Turkish Parliament [3]
1996 Jingsheng, WeiWei Jingsheng  တရုတ် An activist in the Chinese democracy movement [4]
1997 Ghezali, SalimaSalima Ghezali Algeria Journalist and writer, an activist of women's rights, human rights and democracy in Algeria [4]
1998 Rugova, IbrahimIbrahim Rugova Kosovo Albanian politician, the first President of Kosovo [3]
1999 Gusmão, XananaXanana Gusmão East Timor Former militant who was the first President of East Timor [5]
2000 ¡Basta Ya!  စပိန် Organisation uniting individuals of various political positions against terrorism [6]
2001 Peled-Elhanan, NuritNurit Peled-Elhanan Israel Peace activist [3]
2001 Ghazzawi, IzzatIzzat Ghazzawi Palestine Writer, arrested several times by Israeli authorities for "political activities" [3]
2001 Kamwenho, Dom ZacariasDom Zacarias Kamwenho Angola Archbishop and peace activist [3]
2002 Payá, OswaldoOswaldo Payá Cuba Political activist and dissident [7]
2003 Annan, KofiKofi Annan (& United Nations) — Nobel Peace Prize recipient and seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations [3]
2004 Belarusian Association of Journalists Belarus Non-governmental organisation "aiming to ensure freedom of speech and rights of receiving and distributing information and promoting professional standards of journalism" [8]
2005 Ladies in White Cuba Opposition movement, relatives of jailed dissidents [9]
2005 Reporters Without Borders — France-based non-governmental organisation advocating freedom of the press [9]
2005 Ibrahim, HauwaHauwa Ibrahim Nigeria Human rights lawyer [9]
2006 Milinkievič, AlaksandarAlaksandar Milinkievič Belarus Politician chosen by United Democratic Forces of Belarus as the joint candidate of the opposition in the presidential elections of 2006 [10]
2007 Mahmoud Osman, SalihSalih Mahmoud Osman Sudan Human rights lawyer [4]
2008 Jia, HuHu Jia  တရုတ် Activist and dissident [11]
2009 Memorial Russia International civil rights and historical society [12]
2010 Fariñas, GuillermoGuillermo Fariñas Cuba Doctor, journalist and political dissident [13]
2011 Asmaa Mahfouz,
Ahmed al-Senussi,
Razan Zaitouneh,
Ali Farzat,
Mohamed Bouazizi (posthumously)		 Egypt
Libya
Syria
Syria
Tunisia		 Five representatives of the Arab people, in recognition and support of their drive for freedom and human rights. [14]

ကိုးကား
  1. "1986: Sakharov comes in from the cold"၊ BBC News၊ 23 December 1986။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  3. 20 years of the Sakharov Prize: Human rights and reconciliation။ European Parliament (28 October 2008)။ 22 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  4. Sakharov Network calls for immediate release of Aung San Suu Kyi, Sakharov Prize laureate 1990။ Reporters Without Borders (15 May 2009)။ 23 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  5. "Gusmão receives EU Sakharov prize"၊ BBC News၊ 15 December 1999။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  6. "Basque group wins peace prize"၊ BBC News၊ 26 October 2000။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  7. "Cuban dissident collects EU prize"၊ BBC News၊ 17 December 2002။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  8. Europeans Honor Belarusian Association of Journalists။ United States Department of State (9 November 2004)။ 19 May 2009 တွင် မူရင်းအား မော်ကွန်းတင်ပြီး။ 22 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  9. Gibbs၊ Stephen။ "Cuba 'bars women from prize trip'"၊ BBC News၊ 14 December 2005။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  10. "Belarussian takes EU rights award"၊ BBC News၊ 26 October 2006။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  11. "China dissident wins rights prize"၊ BBC News၊ 17 December 2008။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  12. "Russia rights group wins EU prize"၊ BBC News၊ 22 October 2009။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  13. "Cuba dissident Farinas awarded Sakharov Prize by EU"၊ BBC News၊ 21 October 2010။ 21 October 2010 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  14. Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought 2011။ European Parliament။ 27 October 2011 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
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