အပိုလို ၁၁

အပိုလို ၁၁ အာကာသ စီမံကိန်းသည် လူသားများ ပထမဦးဆုံးအကြိမ် လကမ္ဘာသို့ သွားရောက်သည့် အစီအစဉ်ဖြစ်သည်။ ဤအစီအစဉ်သည်လည်း အပိုလို ပရောဂျက်၏ ပဉ္စမအကြိမ် လူသားများအား တင်ဆောင်သွားသည့် အာကာသ အစီအစဉ်ဖြစ်ပြီး လကမ္ဘာသို့ (သို့မဟုတ်) လကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းသို့ သွားရောက်သည့် တတိယမြောက် ခရီးစဉ်ဖြစ်သည်။

Apollo 11

နေးလ် အမ်းစထရောင်း သည် လပေါ်သို့ ပထမဆုံးခြေချသည့်လှေကားအား ချလိုက်စဉ်
မက်ရှင်အမျိုးအစား	လပေါ်သို့ လူသားလိုက်ပါပြီး ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း
အော်ပရေတာ	NASA[1]
နိုင်ငံတကာ ဒီဇိုင်းဆရာ	CSM: 1969-059A LM: 1969-059C
ဂြိုလ်တု ကတ်သလောက်နံပါတ်	CSM: 4039 LM: 4041
မက်ရှင်ကြာမြင့်ချိန်	8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds
အာကာသယာဉ် ဂုဏ်သတ္တိများ
အာကာသယာဉ်	Apollo CSM-107 Apollo LM-5
ထုတ်လုပ်သူ	CSM: North American Rockwell LM: Grumman
ပစ်လွှတ် ထုထည်	၁၀၀,၇၅၆ ပေါင် (၄၅,၇၀၂ ကီလိုဂရမ်)
ဆင်းသက်ထုထည်	၁၀,၈၇၃ ပေါင် (၄,၉၃၂ ကီလိုဂရမ်)
အဖွဲ့ဝင်
အဖွဲ့ဝင် အရွယ်အစား	၃
အဖွဲ့ဝင်များ	နေးလ် အမ်းစထရောင်း Michael Collins Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr.
လျှောက်လွာတင်	CSM: Columbia LM: Eagle On surface: Tranquility Base
မက်ရှင် စတင်ခြင်း
ပစ်လွှတ်နေ့	ဇူလိုင် ၁၆, ၁၉၆၉, ၁၃:၃၂:၀၀ နာရီ
ဒုံးပျံ	Saturn V SA-506
ပစ်လွှတ်နေရာ	Kennedy LC-39A
မက်ရှင် ပြီးဆုံး
ဆယ်ယူသူ	USS Hornet
ဆင်းသက်သည့်နေ့	ဇူလိုင် ၂၄, ၁၉၆၉, ၁၆:၅၀:၃၅[2]
ဆင်းသက်ည့်နေရာ	North Pacific Ocean 13°19′N 169°9′W[2]
ပတ်လမ်း ပါရာမီတာများ
ရည်ညွန်းစနစ်	Selenocentric
Periselene	၁၀၀.၉ ကီလိုမီတာ (၅၄.၅ ရေမိုင်)[3]
Aposelene	၁၂၂.၄ ကီလိုမီတာ (၆၆.၁ ရေမိုင်)[3]
နိမ့်ဆင်းမှု	1.25 degrees[3]
ကာလ	2 hours[3]
Epoch	July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[3]
Lunar orbiter
အာကာသယာဉ် ကိရိယာများ	Apollo Command/Service Module
ပတ်လမ်းဆိုင်ရာ ထည့်သွင်း	July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[4]
ထွက်ခွာပတ်လမ်း	July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[4]
ပတ်လမ်း	30
Lunar lander
အာကာသယာဉ် ကိရိယာများ	Lunar Module
ဆင်းသက်သည့်နေ့	July 20, 1969, 20:18:04 UTC[5]
အပြန်ပစ်လွှတ်	July 21, 1969, 17:54 UTC
ဆင်းသက်သည့်နေရာ	Mare Tranquillitatis 0.67408°N 23.47297°E / 0.67408; 23.47297[6]
နမူနာ ထုထည်	၂၁.၅၅ ကီလိုဂရမ် (၄၇.၅၁ ပေါင်)
မျက်နှာပြင် EVAs	1
EVA ကြာမြင့်ချိန်	2 hours, 31 minutes 40 seconds
Docking with LM
Docking date	July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC[4]
Undocking date	July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC[4]
Docking with LM Ascent Stage
Docking date	July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC[4]
Undocking date	July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC[4]
ဖိုင်:8Apollo 11 insignia.png ဘယ်မှညာသို့: အမ်းစထရောင်း, Collins, Aldrin အပိုလိုစီမံကိန်း ← အပိုလို ၁၀ အပိုလို ၁၂ →

အပိုလို ၁၁ သည် ၁၉၆၉ ခုနှစ် ဇူလိုင် ၂၀ ရက်နေ့၊ နိုင်ငံတကာစံတော်ချိန် ၂၀:၁၈တွင် လပေါ်ဆင်းသက်ခဲ့သည်။ အာကာသယာဉ်မှူး နေးလ် အမ်းစထရောင်း၊ မိုက်ကယ် ကိုလင်းနှင့် ဘတ်ဇ် အယ်ဒရင်တို့ လိုက်ပါသွားသည်။ နောက်ထပ် ၆ နာရီအကြာ ဇူလိုင်လ ၂၁ ရက်နေ့၊ နိုင်ငံတကာစံတော်ချိန် ၀၂:၅၆ တွင် အမ်းစထရောင်းက လပေါ်ပထမဆုံးခြေချသည်။ အမ်းစထရောင်းသည် ယာဉ်ပြင်ပတွင် နှစ်နာရီခွဲကြာအောင်နေခဲ့သည်။ အယ်လ်ဒရင်က ယာဉ်ပြင်ပနေချိန်အနည်းငယ်လျော့နည်းသည်။ တတိလူ ကိုလင်းမှာမူ လကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းတွင် လည့်ပတ်နေသည့် အာကာသယာဉ်ပေါ်တွင် အစောင့်အဖြစ် နေခဲ့သည်။ [7]

အပိုလို ၁၁ ကို ဖလော်ရီုဒါရှိ ကနေဒီအာကာသစခန်းမှ ၁၉၆၉ ခုနှစ် ဇူလိုင် ၁၆ ရက်နေ့၊ နိုင်ငံတကာစံတော်ချိန် ၂၀:၁၈တွင် လွှတ်တင်ခဲ့သည်။Launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida on July 16, Apollo 11 was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a Command Module with a cabin for the three astronauts which was the only part which landed back on Earth; a Service Module which supported the Command Module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen and water; and a Lunar Module for landing on the Moon. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's upper stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and travelled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the Lunar Module and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21 and a half hours on the lunar surface. After lifting off in the upper part of the Lunar Module and rejoining Collins in the Command Module, they returned to Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.

Broadcast on live TV to a world-wide audience, Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as "one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by the late U.S. President John F. Kennedy in a speech before the United States Congress, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."[3]

Each crewman of Apollo 11 had made a spaceflight before this mission, making it only the second all-veteran crew (the other being Apollo 10) in human spaceflight history.[4]

Collins was originally slated to be the Command Module Pilot (CMP) on Apollo 8 but was removed when he required surgery on his back and was replaced by Jim Lovell, his backup for that flight. After Collins was medically cleared, he took what would have been Lovell's spot on Apollo 11; as a veteran of Apollo 8, Lovell was transferred to Apollo 11's backup crew, but promoted to backup commander.

In early 1969, Bill Anders accepted a job with the National Space Council effective in August 1969 and announced his retirement as an astronaut. At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup Command Module Pilot in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch (at which point Anders would be unavailable if needed) and would later join Lovell's crew and ultimately be assigned as the original Apollo 13 CMP.[5] Support crew Duke, Lovell, and Haise at the Apollo 11 capcom

   Charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)
   Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
   Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
   Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
   Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
   Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
   Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
   Bill Pogue
   Jack Swigert

Flight directors

   Cliff Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and EVA
   Gene Kranz (White Team), lunar landing
   Glynn Lunney (Black Team), lunar ascent

Call signs Apollo 11 spacecraft. SM: Service Module (no call sign); CM: Command Module, Columbia; LM: Lunar Module, Eagle

After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release,[6] but the crew later decided to change them.

The command module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant cannon shell "spacecraft" fired by a giant cannon (coincidentally from Florida) in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon.[7] The lunar module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the bald eagle, which is featured prominently on the mission insignia. Insignia Mission insignia

The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States." He chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. NASA officials said the talons of the eagle looked too "warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the claws. The crew decided the Roman numeral XI would not be understood in some nations and went with "Apollo 11;" they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing."[8]

All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the patch. When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released a few years later, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[9] The design was retained for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar which was unveiled in 1979, ten years after the Apollo 11 mission.[citation needed] Mission highlights Launch and flight to lunar orbit Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 rises past the launch tower camera Earth seen from Apollo 11 just after leaving Earth orbit (translunar injection)

In addition to throngs of people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site, millions watched the event on television, with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary. President Richard Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House.

A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time). It entered orbit 12 minutes later.[1] After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the Trans Lunar Injection burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later the command/service module pair separated from this last remaining Saturn V stage and docked with the lunar module still nestled in the Lunar Module Adaptor. After the lunar module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the third stage booster flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into heliocentric orbit.[10]

On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty orbits[11] that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N, 23.47297E). The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers along with the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extra-vehicular activity (EVA) challenges.[12] Lunar descent The Eagle in lunar orbit after separating from Columbia.

On July 20, 1969 the lunar module (LM) Eagle separated from the command module Columbia. Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged.

As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface 4 seconds early and reported that they were "long": they would land miles west of their target point.

Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the LM navigation and guidance computer distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and "1201" program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them.[13]

In a letter to Datamation, March 1, 1971, Margaret H. Hamilton, Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, stated: “Due to an error in the checklist manual, the rendezvous radar switch was placed in the wrong position. This caused it to send erroneous signals to the computer. The result was that the computer was being asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15% of its time. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks; i.e., the ones needed for landing...Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones...If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was”.[14][a] Landing Landing site of Apollo 11 at Sea of Tranquility

When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300 metres (980 ft) diameter crater (later determined to be "West crater", named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control[18] and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at 20:17 UTC on July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.[19]

Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, and the astronauts also encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to have been due to greater propellant 'slosh' than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.[19]

Throughout the descent Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM. A few moments before the landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the surface, and he said "Contact light!". Three seconds later, Eagle landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown". Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA - out of detent." Armstrong acknowledged "Out of detent. Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control - both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm - off. 413 is in."

Charles Duke, acting as CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle".

Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing checklist with "Engine arm is off." before responding to Duke with the words, "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Armstrong's change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" confirmed that landing was complete and successful, and Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan-- Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[19][20]

Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin broadcast that: Landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969

   "This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way."[21]

He then took communion privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[22]

The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, since they had been awake since early morning. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be unable to sleep. Lunar surface operations See also: First Moon walk A mounted slowscan TV camera shows Armstrong as he climbs down the ladder to surface.

The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package (EASEP)[23] and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle's twin triangular windows, which gave them a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled. Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System (PLSS). According to veteran moon-walker John Young, a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[24][25] Aldrin bootprint; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith

At 02:39 UTC on Monday July 21, 1969, Armstrong opened the hatch, and at 02:51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface. The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against Eagle's side and activate the TV camera, and at 02:56:15 UTC he set his left foot on the surface.[26][27] The first landing used slow-scan television incompatible with commercial TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor, significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[28] The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia.[29] Despite some technical and weather difficulties, ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[30] Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.

After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",[27] Armstrong stepped off Eagle's footpad and uttered his famous line, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"[31][32][33][34][35] six and a half hours after landing.[1] Aldrin joined him, describing the view as "Magnificent desolation."[36]

"That's one small step..." Menu 0:00 Problems listening to this file? See media help.

About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[37]

In addition to fulfilling President John F. Kennedy's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s,[38] Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod 68 feet (21 m) from the LM. The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Aldrin poses on the Moon, allowing Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor's reflection.

ကမ္ဘာ့ဆွဲအား၏ ၁/၆ သာရှိသော လဆွဲအားအောက်တွင်လှုပ်ရှားရသည်မှာ အတုပြုလုပ်လေ့ကျင့်ခဲ့သည်ထက်ပိုမိုလွယ်ကူကြောင်း၊ လှည့်လည်သွားလာရန်အတွက်မည်သည့်လုံးဝအခက်အခဲမရှိကြောင်း အမ်းစထရောင်းကဆိုသည်။ [27] Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backwards, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[27]

The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Some time later, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[39] Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.[40]

The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated thermal meteoroid garment.

They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a laser ranging retroreflector. Then Armstrong loped about 120 metres (390 ft) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes - the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 min.

During this period Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[41] Lunar ascent and return Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with Eagle in the background.

Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing more than 22 kilograms (49 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve, and Aldrin tossed the bag down; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM, and settled down to sleep.[42]

ယာဉ်မောင်းခန်းတွင်လှုပ်ရှားသွားလာနေရင်း အယ်လ်ဒရင်သည် လပေါ်မှပြန်ထွက်မည့်ပင်မအင်ဂျင်ခလုတ်ကိုမတော်တဆတိုက်ချိုးမိသည်။ အင်ဂျင်နှိုးမရပြီး လပေါ်နေခဲ့ရမည်ကိုစိုးရိမ်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ ကံကောင်းထောက်မစွာဖြင့် ဘောပင်တစ်ချောင်းကိုကျိုးသွားသောခလုတ်နေရာတွင် အစားထိုးအသုံးပြုနိုင်ခဲ့ကြသည်။ [42] ဤသို့မလုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့ပါက လဆင်းမော်ဂျူးလျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းအလုပ်မလုပ်ပဲ အင်ဂျင်ကိုလည်းနှိုးနိုင်မည်မဟုတ်ပေ။[43]

၇ နာရီခန့်အနားယူပြီးနောက် အပြန်ခရီးပျံသန်းမှုအတွက်ပြင်ဆင်ရန် အဖွဲ့သားများအား ဟူစတန်ကနှိုးလိုက်သည်။ နှစ်နာရီခွဲကြာပြီးနောက် နိုင်ငံတကာစံတော်ချိန် 17:54 တွင် they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage, carrying 21.5 kilograms of lunar samples with them, to rejoin CMP Michael Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit. During the launch Aldrin looked up in time to see the exhaust from the ascent module's engine knock over the American flag they had planted.[1] The plaque left on the ladder of Eagle

After more than 2½ hours on the lunar surface, they had left behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic Experiment used to measure Moon quakes. They also left an American flag, an Apollo 1 mission patch, and a plaque (mounted on the LM Descent Stage ladder) bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Richard M. Nixon. The inscription read:

   Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.

They also left behind a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk. The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top management.[44] (In his 1989 book, Men from Earth, Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin.) Also, according to Deke Slayton's book Moonshot, Armstrong carried with him a special diamond-studded astronaut pin from Slayton. Eagle's ascent stage approaching Columbia.

Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Buzz Aldrin witnessed it topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ...I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[45] Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet (30 m) from the LM to prevent its being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust.

After rendezvous with Columbia, Eagle's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969 at 23:41 UTC. Just before the Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[46] The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time. NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon.

On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented,

   "... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of a people ...All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, 'Thank you very much.'"

Aldrin added,

   "This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. 'When I consider the heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the Moon and the stars, which Thou hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?'"

Armstrong concluded,

   "The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little EMU, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11."[47]

On the return to Earth, the Guam tracking station failed, which would have prevented communication on the last segment of the Earth return. Repair was not possible until the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year old son Greg use his small hands to do it. Greg later was thanked by Armstrong.[48] Splashdown and quarantine Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts. The astronauts in their Biological Isolation Garments aboard the Hornet

On July 24, the astronauts returned home aboard the command module Columbia just before dawn local time (16:51 UTC[49]) at 13°19′N 169°9′W, in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of Wake Island, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from the recovery ship, USS Hornet.[citation needed]

At 16:44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and 7 minutes later the command module struck the water forcefully. The command module landed upside down but was righted within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts. "Everything's okay. Our checklist is complete. Awaiting swimmers," was Armstrong's last official transmission from the Columbia. A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the command module to prevent it from drifting. Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site. Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments (BIGs) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet. Additionally astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and the command module wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk.[50]

A second Sea King helicopter hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one, where a NASA flight surgeon gave each a brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles (930 m) trip back to the Hornet. The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon.

After touchdown on the Hornet, the astronauts exited the helicopter, leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen. The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay #2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) where they would begin their 21 days of quarantine. This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped.[50][51]

President Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth. He told the astronauts, "As a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[52] After Nixon departed, the Hornet was brought alongside the five-ton command module where it was placed aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. The Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor where the command module and MQF were airlifted to the Johnson Space Center.[50]

Years later, it was publicly revealed that Nixon had prepared a speech to be given in the event the Lunar Module had failed to lift off from the lunar surface, which would have resulted in Armstrong's and Aldrin's deaths, similar to common newspaper obituary or government contingency plan procedures and policies.[53][54]

In accordance with the recently passed Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, the astronauts were placed in quarantine for fear that the Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks. However, after almost three weeks in confinement (first in their trailer and later in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[55] On August 10, 1969, the astronauts exited quarantine. Celebration

On August 13, they rode in parades in their honor in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Many nations would honor the first manned Moon landing by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins.[56]

On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two U.S. flags, one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them.

   It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today...The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date...nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts - Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[64]

   Spectators camp out to watch the launch

   Launch Control Center before liftoff

   Astronauts after a Countdown Demonstration Test

   Roll out of Saturn V on launch pad

   The Earth seen from Apollo 11 looking back

   Neil Armstrong describes the Moon's surface before setting foot on it.

   President Nixon phones Armstrong and Aldrin from the Oval Office.

   The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969: "The Eagle Has Landed—Two Men Walk on the Moon"

   Neil Armstrong's certification: "the world scout badge was carried to the surface of the Moon".

   First Man on Moon Commemorative Issue of 1969

   Apollo 11 crew at the White House in 2004